Boletín Informativo. No. 30 abril 2011
Este boletin se distribuye a 8500 inscriptos en la base de Biblioteca.

Social determinants approaches to public health: from concept to practice


World Health Organization 2011 
Edited by Erik Blas, Johannes Sommerfeld and Anand Sivasankara Kurup 

 ISBN 978 92 4 156413 7

 

The thirteen case studies contained in this publication were commissioned
by the research node of the Knowledge Network on Priority Public Health
Conditions (PPHC–KN), a WHO-based interdepartmental working group
associated with the WHO Commission on Social Determinants of Health. 
 

The publication is a joint product of the Department of Ethics, Equity, Trade
and Human Rights (ETH), Special Programme for Research and Training in
Tropical Diseases (TDR), Special Programme of Research, Development
and Research Training in Human Reproduction (HRP), and Alliance for Health
Policy and Systems Research (AHPSR). 
 

The case studies describe a wealth of experiences with implementing public
health programmes that intend to address social determinants and to have a
great impact on health equity. They also document the real-life challenges in
implementing such programmes, including the challenges in scaling up,
managing policy changes, managing intersectoral processes, adjusting
design and ensuring sustainability.

 

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Internet Skills Performance Tests: are people ready for eHealth?


By Alexander J A M van Deursen, PhD; Jan A G M van Dijk, PhD

University of Twente, Department of Media, Communication and Organization, Enschede, Netherlands
Corresponding Author:
Alexander J A M van Deursen, PhD

University of Twente
Department of Media, Communication and Organization
Cubicus C1.47
PO Box 217
Enschede, 7500 AE
Netherlands
Phone: 31 534891021
Fax: 31 534894259
Email: a.j.a.m.vandeursen [at] utwente.nl

 

ABSTRACT

Background: Despite the amount of online health information, there are
several barriers that limit the Internet’s adoption as a source of health
information. One of these barriers is highlighted in conceptualizations of
the digital divide which include the differential possession of Internet skills,
or “eHealth literacy”. Most measures of Internet skills among populations
at large use self-assessments. The research discussed here applies a
multifaceted definition of Internet skills and uses actual performance tests.
Objective: The purpose of this study was to assess how ready a sample
of the general population is for eHealth. More specifically, four types of
Internet skills were measured in a performance test in which subjects
had to complete health-related assignments on the Internet.
Methods: From November 1, 2009, through February 28, 2010, 88 subjects
participated in the study. Subjects were randomly selected from a telephone
directory. A selective quota sample was used divided over equal
subsamples of gender, age, and education. Each subject had to accomplish
assignments on the Internet. The Internet skills accounted for were
categorized as operational (basic skills to use the Internet), formal
(navigation and orientation), information (finding information), and strategic
(using the information for personal benefits). The tests took approximately
1.5 hours and were conducted in a University office, making the setting
equally new for all. Successful completion and time spent on the
assignments—the two main outcomes—were directly measured by the test
leader.
Results: The subjects successfully completed an average of 73% (5.8/8) of
the operational Internet skill tasks and an average of 73% (2.9/4) of the
formal Internet skill tasks. Of the information Internet skills tasks, an average
of 50% (1.5/3) was completed successfully and, of the strategic Internet skills
tasks, 35% (0.7/2). Only 28% (25/88) of the subjects were able to successfully
complete all operational skills tasks, 39% (34/88), all formal skills tasks,
13% (11/88), all information skills tasks, and 20% (18/88), both the strategic
skill tasks. The time spent on the assignments varied substantially. Age and
education were the most important contributors to the operational and formal
Internet skills. Regarding the formal Internet skills, years of Internet experience
also had some influence. Educational level of attainment was the most
important contributor to the information and strategic Internet skills.
Conclusions: Although the amount of online health-related information and
services is consistently growing, it appears that the general population lacks
the skills to keep up. Most problematic appear to be the lack of information and
strategic Internet skills, which, in the context of health, are very important. The
lack of these skills is also problematic for members of younger generations,
who are often considered skilled Internet users. This primarily seems to
account for the operational and formal Internet skills. The results of the study
strongly call for policies to increase the level of Internet skills.

(J Med Internet Res 2011;13(2):e35)

 

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Violence in the City: understanding and supporting community responses to urban violence


The International Bank for Reconstruction and Development
The World Bank 2011

“……For millions of people around the world, violence, or the fear of
violence, is a daily reality. Much of this violence concentrates in urban
centers1 in the developing world. These cities are home to half of the
world’s population and are expected to absorb almost all new population
growth over the next 25 years 

In many cases, the scale of urban violence can eclipse that of open warfare.
Some of the world’s highest homicide rates occur in countries that have not
undergone wars but have violence epidemics in their urban areas. Concern
over these experiences has made urban violence a central preoccupation of
policymakers, planners, and development practitioners 


This study emerged from a growing recognition that urban communities
themselves are an integral part of understanding the causes and impacts of
urban violence and for generating sustainable violence prevention initiatives.
Participatory appraisals in Latin America and the Caribbean have produced
important insights into the manifestations of violence in different contexts. 


Nevertheless, much still is to be learned in understanding the myriad strategies
that communities employ to manage high levels of violence. Coping
mechanisms may range broadly from individual strategies, such as changing
one’s work or study routine to avoid victimization, to collective strategies that
involve formal institutions such as community- based policing, to reliance on
traditional or alternative dispute fora. Some coping mechanisms—such as
forming extralegal security groups—can be negative and undermine the bases
for long-term violence prevention. 
 

This study aims to understand how urban residents cope with violence, or the
threat of it, in their everyday lives, to inform the design of policies and programs
for violence prevention…..”

 

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Berthe Morisot


Berthe Morisot (1841-1895):

"La Psyché", o "El espejo de vestir"; óleo sobre lienzo, 1876.

 

Berthe Morisot estuvo muy vinculada al impresionismo francés y participó
activamente en casi todas las exposiciones de este grupo. Mantuvo una
estrecha y fructífera relación con Manet, Renoir o Degas, con los que
compartió su interés por los temas cotidianos y por la captación de los
efectos de luz.

El espejo de vestir, presentada en la exposición de los impresionistas de
1877, es un excelente ejemplo. Una mujer entalla su holgado camisón
blanco con sus manos, imaginando quizá el efecto del uso de un corsé.
La luz de las dos ventanas entre las que se encuentra el espejo en el que
se observa y los reflejos sobre éste permiten establecer una rica gama de
blancos. La figura de cuerpo entero se muestra en una actitud coqueta,
con el hombro izquierdo al descubierto y girado hacia el espectador.
Psyché, nombre con el que se conoce a este tipo de espejo abatible, ha
servido como título de la obra en algunas ocasiones.

 

FUENTE: Museo Thyssen-Bornemisza, Madrid.

 

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